The Effect of Sales Growth and Cash Flow Operating Activities on Financial Distress at PT Garuda Indonesia Tbk for the Period 2015–2024

Abstract

This study examines the association of sales growth and operating cash flow with financial distress at PT Garuda Indonesia Tbk during 2015–2024. A quantitative approach was employed using secondary data from the company's annual financial statements. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, classical assumption tests, multiple linear regression, t-tests, an F-test, and the coefficient of determination (R²) in SPSS. After logarithmic transformation, the final analysis included only seven observations, which limits the reliability and generalizability of the findings. The partial test showed that sales growth had a positive and statistically significant association with the Interest Coverage Ratio (ICR) (coefficient = 9.126; p = 0.028), while operating cash flow was not statistically significant (coefficient = 17.407; p = 0.540). Because the ICR reflects the relationship between operating profit and interest expense, the positive coefficient indicates an increase in the measured ICR, not necessarily an increase in financial distress. The simultaneous test produced an F-statistic of 4.715 and a reported significance value of 0.050. This result requires verification using the unrounded SPSS output before statistical significance can be concluded. The R² value of 0.574 indicates that the model explains 57.4% of the variation in ICR within the analyzed sample. These findings should be interpreted cautiously given the small sample and the limitations of the measurement and statistical analysis.