Structure, Conduct, Performance (Structure Conduct Performance) Analysis of the Palm Oil Industry in Indonesia

Abstract

This study aims to assess the structure, conduct, and performance of five palm oil companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) in 2025 using the Structure–Conduct–Performance (SCP) framework. A descriptive quantitative approach was employed using secondary data from the companies’ 2025 financial statements and annual reports. Market structure was examined through revenue-based market shares, the four-firm concentration ratio (CR4), and the Herfindahl–Hirschman Index (HHI). Company conduct was analyzed descriptively based on business strategies, partnerships, product diversification, and responses to government policies, while financial performance was measured using Net Profit Margin (NPM). The findings indicate substantial variation in profitability among the five companies, with NPM ranging from 5.13% to 34.30%. PT London Sumatra Indonesia Tbk recorded the highest NPM, whereas PT Astra Agro Lestari Tbk recorded the lowest. The descriptive comparison also indicates that higher revenue does not necessarily correspond to higher profitability within the sample. Differences in cost management, operational efficiency, and business diversification may help explain this variation, although their individual effects cannot be established from the available data. Company conduct was characterized by downstream product development, partnerships with independent smallholder farmers, and responses to market conditions and government policies. These findings provide a company-level perspective on the structure, conduct, and financial performance of the five selected firms in 2025. However, the results cannot be generalized to the entire Indonesian palm oil industry because the analysis covers only five listed companies and one observation year